Comparative study on the life cycle of lime butterfly Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) in tummalapalle mining region and palakondalu forest region of Andhra Pradesh – India
Keywords:
Papilio demoleus, Tummalapalle, Palakondalu forest, Life cycle, Mining disturbanceAbstract
Butterfly assemblages and life history characteristics are impacted by habitat quality changes brought about by mining operations. This study assessed the effects of mining disturbance on the life cycle of Papilio demoleus and butterfly diversity in Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India. In the Palakondalu forest (control) and Tummalapalle (mining zone), field surveys were carried out. The morphometric and developmental parameters of P. demoleus were measured from the egg to the pupal stages, and the richness, abundance, and variety of the assemblies were documented. With restoration of butterfly communities improved, although they were less varied in mining areas. Forest area eggs were larger (1.02 ± 0.05 mm) and incubated for 4.2 ± 0.7 days, whereas mining area eggs (0.95 ± 0.06 mm, 4.8 ± 0.8 days) demonstrated habitat-specific variations in P. demoleus. Fifth instars in the mining zone (38.6 ± 2.4 mm, 6.1 ± 0.6 days) were smaller and slower than those in the forest (45.0 ± 2.6 mm, 5.2 ± 0.4 days). Pupae exhibited comparable trends. Overall, the forest took 29–30 days to develop, whereas the mining regions took 34–36 days. Heavy metals, microclimatic changes, and potential radiation are examples of mining-related stressors that delay development and decrease morphometric features, whereas habitat restoration increases butterfly performance and variety.
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